What is the effect on african people of growing up in poverty Essay

What is the effect on african people of growing up in poverty - Essay Example African countries fall near the bottom of any list measuring small size economic activity such as gross domestic per capital and income capita, despite the wealthy natural resources. Poverty in Africa is mainly in rural areas. Over seventy percent of the African poor people reside in rural areas and highly rely on agriculture for livelihood and food. Eastern and Southern Africa are the parts with a high concentration of persons. The situation of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa is rising faster than the population itself (Kavanagh, 2011). In many parts of Africa, poverty has its origin from the colonial system and the institutional and policy constraints that is forced on poor people. The land is a major issue in Africa, with many African nations having land ownership disputes leading much useful land being unused. In some other parts of Africa, there is the unreliability of rainfall causing lots of food shortages. There is an association between poverty and climate change. Poverty raises the propensity and severity of calamities reduce people’s ability to reconstruct and recover. Africa’s economic depression is self- perpetuating as it leads to more of the warfare, diseases, misgovernment, and corruption. Poverty in Africa makes people have difficulties in attaining their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. People are living in extreme poverty rarely access highly nutritious food. Even if these foods are accessible, it is likely that they are not able to buy them. People in poverty are scrawny simply because they do not have enough food to eat (Cleveland, 2014). One of the most severe effects of poverty in Africa is health effects. Diseases are most common with people living in poverty since they do not have enough resources to maintain healthy living conditions. Sanitation conditions are indigent, increasing the possibility of contracting diseases. Additionally, due to

Should Disabled Children Be Mainstreamed In Public Schools Essay

Should Disabled Children Be Mainstreamed In Public Schools - Essay Example The supporters of mainstreaming argue that all special children have an equal right to the opportunity of social inclusion. The opponents of mainstreaming do not disagree; no rational minded person can deny the rights of social inclusion of disabled children. But the question is: does mainstreaming ensure social inclusion of the disabled children? The answer is unfortunately, in the negative. In a book titled: ‘Alone in the mainstream: A deaf woman remembers public school’, Olivia shares her experiences as a deaf student in a mainstream environment (Rossetti, 2005). Olivia has shared her experiences of the painful social isolation she felt while being mainstreamed in a school where she was the only deaf child and how the environment and being different from other children made her feel like a solitaire. ‘I was alone among so many people because they were not like me’. The main principle underlying mainstream is social inclusion; what’s the point in it if the mainstreamed children despite being a part of it, remain isolated in the normal environment? The advocators of mainstreaming also claim that disabled children can be taught is regular public classrooms (Williams and Algozzine, 1979). This is also not as simple as it appears. The success of a special child in a regular environment depend upon two main factors, one: the type and extent of disability and second is the attitude of teachers. Children with physical handicaps are usually a bit more accepted by regular children and teachers.

Project Management: Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony

Project Management: Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony 1. Executive Summary The project plan is for the the forth coming Common wealth games scheduled to be held during the months of July August in 2014, in Glasgow. The official handing over will take place on the 14th of October 2010,when Delhi in India will handover officially to the city of Glasgow in Scotland, thus appointing Scotland as the Host country for the 2014 Common Wealth Games. It is to be noted that this event will be the largest multisport event ever to be held in Scotland Thus this report includes only of the opening ceremonys Schedule plan, resource allocation and the cost to be effect. 2. Project Introduction scope The recent growth of multi sports as an industry around the world means that the management can no longer be commercials. Events such as the commonwealth games, have a large impact on their communities and, in some cases, the whole country. Thus it is a must to keep in mind throughout the planning process that this is the first time the country is hosting such and event and it shall have an impact to the country. This is a service based scheduling project according to that the initial concern which I will propose will have the following scope which is needed to be completed to be successful in this events opening ceremony. Events Prepare the Events list Find the Human resource by events Find the Items the need in each resource (Dress, Transport and etc..) Analyze the risk and exciting of event with professionals Find the time of event execution Check the events identification (Traditional,etc) Security Check the security availability in the location need to be allocate Prepare high security zone in VIP guest Facilitate the vehicle parking Opening ceremony All task Analyzing Location Guest Prepare the chairs and audience resource Entrance and Exit point Guest area allocation Food and beverage invitation Schedule Time table Event list preparation Allocate Resource to events Allocate time to each and Every time /prepare schedule Media Invite an media Provide a food and beverage Supply the technical need (internet, power) Facilitate an location in ground area Physical resource Electricity Event Items Professional support 3. Objective To find all resource on time: Accurate time estimation is vital in project management. The two main reasons for estimating time is vital as: Time estimates drive the setting of dead lines for delivery of project and also the determination of pricing of projects and its profitability can be estimated. Thus finding all resources on time is very essential to carry on the project without delay as timing is important in an event like this as it has international criticism later on. To allocate funds according to budget Allocation of funds according to budget is a vital aspect, as it is an important tool needed in running a business in a proper manner. The allocation of funds should be done in such away that each responsible person can run the area smoothly without any interruption. To schedule all ceremony event on time without any delay Scheduling all events without a delay is very important as any delay occurring can cause disruption and run to high criticism. Prior to the main event rehersaling of the event should be done. When the rehersaling is done each aspect should be rehearsed without leaving out any event. Thus the above could be avoided. Reduce events errors Facilitate all participant to good service A specialized committee should be allocated the above task, of looking into the needs of the participants and giving them the best service. It is a must to keep in mind this is the event of the participants rather than the spectators. Allocation of physical force is a must to keep the reduction of the above. 4. Measure of Successful level and Recommendation for Each task /Plan and out comes Design/plan Execution Initiation Testing 1. Event activity design 2. Design Dress 3. Allocate the physical resource (music, Dress, Light) 4. Train the persons 5. Task allocate (Sub con) 1 proposal submission 2. Get quotation form 3rd party 3. Prepare the schedule 4. Find the resource 5. Evaluation and selection 1 .Events Activity test with time 2. Physical resource test 3. Schedule test with time 4Recovery test (Disaster) 1 Fixed the date time for each activity events 2. Fix all resource on time (physical human) 3. Execute according to tested schedule Opening Ceremony 1. Schedule monitoring and evaluating report 1 .Events Activity test Report with Reasal 2. Physical resource test Report 3. Schedule test with time test report 4. Recovery test plan (Disaster) 1 proposal Acceptance 2. Budget Approval 3. Schedule and Activity and Event Report 4. Resource Supplier report 1. Design Aspect of event and activity (Document and Demos) 2. Design Dress (Dummy) 3. Allocate the physical resource (music, Dress, Light) Demonstration 4. Train the persons plan and schedule 5. Resource plan and resource requirement 5.1 financial requirement analyses 5.1.1 Budget for the opening ceremony Overall opening ceremony should be allocated in 800 million. In Glasgow 2014 Common wealth Games committee, (Reference in: organization committee Budget allocation document) According to allocated overall budget allocation in 800 Million we will propose our proposal profitability of our plan would be quite satisfactory. 5.2.1 Variable cost breakdown and overall total This allocated budget should be dividing via the major Task event wise. This variable cost breakdown is based on the already allocated budget. Here is the variable cost breakdown: (All the values based on Millions) ÂÂ   Variable cost breakdown ÂÂ   Task/Event Actual cost Allocated cost Staff cost 100 100 Events cost 200 250 Media cost Entertainment 25 25 Security 50 55 Location Guest 10 15 Food Beverage 100 120 Transport 150 160 Total 635 755 Analyzing of the cost estimation: Here graph is explained all the variance in allocated cost and actual cost variance. 1 .Staff cost is fixed as I will explain it further in the organizational chart how the staff should be allocated in the project. After analyze I will fix the cost. 2. Event cost is variance because some creative events, equipments and rehearsal cost should vary, that the main reason to increase an additional 50 for it. 3 Media cost should be fixed. There should not be any risk for it 4. Security, food and transport cost should add some additions .because these are depended on the guest and humans to be involved their activities. Finally analyse all the expenditure additionally allocate a 120 Million for the risk factor wise. This should be variance cost for this. 5.1.3 Revenue breakdown and overall total Since the ceremony revenue is coming in as fallowing category based. Ticketing Suwannees and Advertisement Ground banners and Advertisement Sponsors Additionally in country has non profitable benefits on tourism. Total estimation is all the earnings should be 130 Million. Finally revenue should be in 175 Million. 5.2 physical requirement analyses Physical resources Allocation: Location its resource Allocation of resources will be predicted according to the requirements. Initially we analyze the location and its requirement. Location already decides and its resource should be available. Only need to identify repair and reconstruction points of it. After initial assessment all the reconstruct part and modification done by government .that mean I am not going to put its cost and allocation, Because its up to commonwealth standard achieving through the under supervisor on government and Olympic committee. Ceremony Entertainment and Events Other Ceremony entertainment and cultural and traditional events some expectation in physical equipment items, this is contributing with the one of sub contractor and service provider. Already that ceremony entertainment and event design committee proposal send to sub contractors to get quotation from them. Its basically going under the allocated budget. Because initial easements already done by entertainment and event committee. Services and Supply All other services should be contracted out to sub party. All sub contactors and their services should be evolved by physical resource evaluation committee. Food, transport, security, Entertainment an equipment supliers, electricityetc All these suppliers have to submit their proposal under evaluation committee satisfactory. Standards and Quality of services: This part should be maintained by the commonwealth country sports comate members. Their already provide the standards which have to be maintain for us. Evaluation committee evaluate all these under maintain of these standards. 5.3 Human resource requirement analysis We get divide in major in all HR resource in two categories. One is Project staff and organizing committee other one is out sauce persons who are the consult of the Events and activities. All the outsource consultants are working with us a part time. 5.3.1 Work break down structure Opening ceremony Food and Beverage Resource Events Activity Location and Ground Requirement Decoration Physical resource Furniture Traditional Dance Human resource Event items Events Actors Creative Dance Power Music items Music Dancers Water Lightning relevant Event Area special feature Ground Decorate Singers Musicians Power supplier Security Ground suppliers Designers This work break down structure should be view ad all Major activity tasks have to do in this ceremony process. This may provide a series of work brak downstrcture for planning and all implementation Events in ceremony. Each and every circumstance of the ceremony project and objectives this should be evaluated. This is providing a benchmark by which quality for the project process can be assessed and level can be successful. 6. Scheduling and Time plan 6.1 Recommended timings from October 2014 to the opening ceremony We are plan out to start as 15th of Arial 2014 in the project. We can finalize it 20 the July2014. If it can be execute 23 July 2014 to on word. Execution plan is 2 days final set up preparation .and Ready for final execution on opening ceremony on 23rd July 2014 6.1.1 Gantt chart and Key Milestone 6.1.2 Risk Analysis in Time Frame We decide to finish all the work and ready for ceremony in 1st 20 the July2014. That mean we handle finally 3days risk mitigation on the final execution. And other thing is most of the activity task going on par rally. Not depend on other task .that plan should be mitigate the time risk of the project. And other thing in Resource evaluation and physical resource allocation we get finish mid of September. Lighting, music, ground setup, activity basic set up. That is very impotent to reduce the Technical risk and the man power risk and also can mitigate the Disaster recovery in the ceremony time. 7. Task and Person allocation 7.1 Task and allocated Team Structure 7.2 Organizational Breakdown structure Project manager Supply manager Program manager HR manager Coordination manager Admin coordinator HR supply assistant Event and Activity Designer Resource finder Evaluation Committee Coordinator Service supply assistant HR coordinators Media coordinator Security Coordinator Physical resource supply assistant Project manager Food Beverage coordinator Secluded and Time maker Physical resource coordinator Additionally have a consultant on the ceremony event and activities as fawning professionals Artifact and designs Lighting Sounds Dancing and songs 8. Work procedure 8.1 Procurement management approaches The Procurement management plan should be defined to clearly identify the all task and the responsibilities for Procurement from the beginning to the end of the project .The project manager will work with the project team, contractors, supply department, and other key players to manage the Procurement activities. In order to our team structure all the managers (program, HR, Coordination and supply) responsible for their department wise activities to beginning to end of this project. Every department should be submitting their request as fallowing format. Supply manager have to be responsible to check with purchasing for each and every Items and service. Item/Service justification needed by/ date ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Authorized to approve purchases for the project team: Project manager : warnapriya wijesundara Supply Manager : Lasantha balasuriya Purchasing officer : nalin weerasingha 8.2 Contractors and subcontractors managing Then first step in the contract approval process is to determine what items or services will require Procurement from outside. Then each and every department managers need to request what are they need service and items from project manager. Manager will evaluate it with an head of department managers and suplymanager the call to get quotation from out side vendors. And also need to finalize this with evaluation committee members with Olympic committee member in commonwealth. Vendors must have as fallows: Before start all the contractors should be need to register in the government ministry of import and export and construction in Scotland. Vendors have to submit their proposal include their service, cost and Items and their history of customers. All the Item and service need to up to evaluation committee standard. 8.3 Standard of maintain sub contractors Evaluation for Each project This section will explain the evaluation for the each and every service with vendors. Based on the following decision criteria Procurement manager, project manager, Purchasing manager and the international committee member evaluate all service and Items: Here is the area as we get evaluate: Ability of the vendor to provide all items by the required delivery date Quality Cost Expected delivery date Comparison of outsourced cost versus in-sourcing Past performance 9. Conclusion To conclude this proposal this project based on organizing the opening ceremony on Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games we will estimate all based on as initially 800 Million Dollars. After revenue analyzing we will think to take a 135 Million. As our suggestion is it can be done 755 Million. Our risk factor is 120 Million. The 120 Million is vary on the Glasgow 2014 Common wealth Games evaluation committee suggestion and request. This shows that the ratio of profitability of our plan would be quite satisfactory.

Shakespeares Othello - Desdemona in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Desdemona in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello, the wife of the protagonist is Desdemona. She is a lovely, intelligent, wholesome and pious person. This essay will analyze her.    In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed and, with Roderigo’s help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before:    It is too true an evil: gone she is;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And what's to come of my despised time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is nought but bitterness. (1.1)    So obviously the senator has great respect for his daughter, or at least for the comforts which she has afforded him up the beginning of the play. This respect is shared by her new husband Othello, who says to Iago    that I love the gentle Desdemona,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would not my unhoused free condition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Put into circumscription and confine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the sea's worth. (1.2)    Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To prison, till fit time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of law and course of direct session   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Call thee to answer. (1.2)    The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the father to permanently lose his daughter, mostly due to Desdemona’s own fluent presentation of her point of view in the city... ...he was heavenly true!† And upon the arrival of Iago, she publicly accuses him of lying:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You told a lie, an odious, damned lie;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She false with Cassio! (5.2)    Then she accuses him of causing murder: â€Å"And your reports have set the murder on.† Emilia’s stunning interrogation and conviction of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iago’s murder of her. Gullible Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love for Desdemona prior to Iago’s machinations.    WORKS CITED    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.      

Juvenile Recidivism Essay

Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). There are many factors that raise the risk of juvenile recidivism such as single parenting, and even when the parents become involved in drug use. When juveniles become high risk for recidivism it is important that the adults whether it be the parents, teachers or any adult in authority step in to help the juvenile to make better choices. By an adult taking an interest in the child it can prevent them from falling into a group that becomes high risk. From 1984 through 1997 a 71% there was a rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325). Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). Martin (2011), also states that recidivism is â€Å"†¦(the process of relapsing into criminal behavior)† (p. 306). According to Nijhof, et al (2008), â€Å"JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DOES NOT TYPICALLY BEGIN with delinquent acts. Rather, it begins with nondelinquent problem behavior† (p. 45). This paper will look at what could be the causes not only for juveniles committing crimes but returning to the behavior of recommitting repeatedly. There have been some studies that were done and findings have shown that from 1984 through 1997 a 71% rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences. They also found that there are 200,000 people participating in gang activity in 79 of the biggest cities in the United States (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325). According to Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster (2001), â€Å"It seems more likely that the needs of these youths went undetected before juvenile court involvement for serious delinquent activities† (p. 219). With all the studies that were done, from African-American, to single parents, it was shown that when a child lives in a step family, they can still do well. The reason for this is socialization theory proves that it is an environment that the child can still grow in a healthy manner. The child is having its needs met in a naturing manner (Mullins, 2010, p. 13). Also if the parents aren’t married when the child is born, there are no effects on the child. The child is affected when there is no involvement from the father while growing up (2010, pp. 13-14). The first thing we want to do is look at is who may be at a higher risk for juvenile recidivism. There have been some researches that have shown that children with severe emotional disturbance (SED) could be likely candidates for the court systems that deal with youth (Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster, 2001, p. 214). Problems in academics can also be a contributing factor. For instance, if they are in classes where they may have learning disabilities, they may be at a higher risk and find themselves in the court system (Sander, Sharkey, Olivarri, Tanigawa, & Mauseth, 2010, p. 288). According to Sander, et al, (2010), â€Å"Negative school factors include high retention rates, frequent use of expulsion or suspension in discipline policies, infrequent use of positive behavior strategies, ineffective classroom management, poor teacher-student relationships, and weak school-community connections (p. 290). So when the student feels a lack of support from the school, this can lead them down paths of juvenile delinquency instead of causing them to want to do well. Juveniles with learning disabilities and emotional disturbance are becoming prevalent in the court and correction system. A study found that the number of offenders with LD was 35. 6% and the juveniles with ED that was in the corrections was 16-50%. These children had the most amounts of arrests which puts them at a higher risk (Chen, et al, 2011, p. 5). Another risk could be when the father is absent from the youths life and ethnic issues. When a child is growing up in an African American home and the father isn’t absent, the results are as negative as any other race. The father being absent plays a vital role in the behaviors of the children (Mullins, 2011, p. 16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of psychological problems. A study has shown that the children don’t get medical treatment for the first two years of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that they suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, & Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223). Suchman (2010), states that â€Å"Parenting problems observed during the children’s first three years of life include poor attachment, responsiveness, adaptability, and structure juxtaposed with heightened physical activity, provocation, and intrusiveness (p. 483). What the child gets or the lack thereof can be from the mothers own problems from her childhood (Suchman, 2010, p. 484). When these mothers had poor parents themselves it gives them a distorted view of how parenting should be. This many times can lead to the mothers abusiveness and neglect for her own child plus the use of drugs on the mothers part (2010, p. 85). Poverty can play a role in problems that children can face. The lacks of medical attention, poor academic success, along with psychological difficulties are some of the challenges that these children face. The contributing factors that they face are drug use, criminal behavior, and not doing well academically. When these youth are constantly exposed to suc h unstable behaviors, it plays a vital role in the outcome of their own lives that can cause them to repeat the learned behaviors (Anthony, 2008, p. 6). Another risk factor for juvenile recidivism is when their parents’ divorce. The divorce can expose them to the difficulties that the parents are having and cause distress on them. (Elonheimo et al, 2010, p. 910). This breakdown in the family unit along with the lack of support for the children can be contributing factors. (According to Elonheimo et al (2010), stated that â€Å"Divorce often entails stressors such as parental conflict, poor child-rearing, changes in parental figures and residence, and reduced income† (p. 910). Some other factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency can be when the child doesn’t get from the mom or dad what they need in a positive way. Many times the parents just don’t know how to parent in a productive and positive manner. Sometimes the criminal behavior can begin with the parent and it becomes learned behavior for the child. If one or both parents are abusive either to each other or the child it can become a contributing factor also (Latimer, 2001, p. 238). What’s in a name? It does matter what a person names their child. If the name isn’t a popular one then the child may become a delinquent or at least increase the chances. It’s when the home is already below poverty and the parents give their child a name that isn’t appealing that the juvenile may become at risk for negative behavior. The reason for this is because your name gives off a message to others and this is what they use to determine what kind of person you are, it’s that preconception that we all try to use when we meet someone we don’t know (Kalist & Lee, 2009, pp. 39-40). So if we are motivated by how others see us then how does that leave a child when they are viewed in a negative way by their peers, their parents and their surroundings? According to Calhoun, et al (1984), states that â€Å"†¦high self-concept was a product of favorable socialization and steered boys away from delinquency, while low self-concept was the result of unfavorable socialization and provide little resistance to deviancy, delinquent companions† (p. 324). Juvenile recidivism may not begin with who is to blame from the home, the environment surrounding them or even how the juvenile feels about them, but when a child goes from one delinquent behavior into committing negative criminal behavior repeatedly, it becomes more of a problem. This could come from how they are treated in the court system. In 1978 the New York State Juvenile Offender Act was passed and the effect on the courts was profound with the way that the courts treated juvenile offenders. For instance, in the late 1970’s when there were some murders committed by juveniles that drew a lot of attention, the courts used this to cut down on delinquency. The attitude from the people towards juveniles became punishing (Jenson & Howard, 1998, p. 327). According to Jenson & Howard (1998), â€Å"Legislation enabling states to transfer more juveniles to the criminal justice system has had negligible effects on youths’ violent crime rates (p. 328). By incarcerating juveniles with adults it puts them at a higher risk for many side effects. Many of these side effects can include, the juvenile being depressed, and problems with their mental health (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 21). It has been determined that when a juvenile is placed in a prison with adults, the experience is overwhelming for the juvenile. They don’t learn to not commit the crimes but instead they learn an increased amount of criminal behavior from the adults they are with. They are also pushed around by not only the adult inmates but also from the guards that are supposed to be in charge. They are subject to many offences from the adult prisoners in which they can basically do nothing about (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 30). The way that juveniles are treated by the court system also plays a part in how they react to either repeating the crimes or staying out of trouble. According to Vermeiren, et al, (2004), â€Å"Juvenile arrest and court policies range between two extremes: the justice model’, which emphasizes threat to punishment, and the welfare model’, which aims at treating underlying psychosocial causes† (p. 567). Many times it is up to the people dealing with the youth as to what their fate may be. There are factors that can be considered which are how old the youth is, how many is in the group, what color is the skin of the youth, economic status, what the policies are for that area on juvenile delinquency, and how much the police are watching that specific place where the juvenile is picked up from (Vermeiren, 2004, p. 567). So it can be a matter of a juvenile being in the wrong place at the right time for them to get caught. It could be that the youth is influenced by a group of kids to do something that they would not have normally done. If policies can change from being hard on the youth to being involved with the youth to set up programs to change their lives then the rate of recidivism may decline. According to Callagan (2011), â€Å"Regular and frequent parental support and education, as well as medical and developmental reviews for the infant, have been found to be vital in ensuring a positive parent-child relationship, and optimal physical and emotional development (p. 224). So if the child isn’t getting what it needs from the beginning then it is likely that it will affect it for years to come. For substance using mothers that have been found to have abusive or neglectful behaviors towards their children, it was found that the mothers can change their parenting behaviors towards their children. The lack of attachment that is between the child and mother can change by the mother receiving counseling. These changes can occur in a limited amount of time (Suchman, et al, 2010, p. 501). Options for juvenile delinquents aren’t just putting them into prison but instead it’s protecting them from becoming at risk in the first place. According to Jenson & Howard (1998), ‘Communities can prevent delinquency by designing programs that address known risk factors for antisocial behavior† (p. 331). If we begin to deal with these juveniles at an early stage of their lives it is more likely that the risk factors can be reduced instead of waiting till the problems are already there. What they gain from their academics can make a difference also. If their academics are of a poor quality then that can put them at a higher risk of juvenile recidivism (Chen, 2011, p. 15). Some form of punishment is needed when it comes to juvenile delinquent behavior, but it should be appropriate and helpful. According to Ng, et al (2010), â€Å"While they should be punished for crimes committed, the repercussions of punishment in the form of damage to mental health could have long-term consequences that in the end translate into burdens for the society (p. 32). There are many ways of helping juveniles even after they are in the system and have a criminal history. A form of mediation called Family Group Conferencing or FGC. This is where the offender and the family and the victim would have someone who mediates between them. The outcome many times is to bring restitution emotionally and maybe even materialistically (Baffour, 2006, p. 557). When trying to help someone who has a history of criminal behavior it is important to do it in a way that it will be beneficial. According to Baffour (2006), â€Å"Three major paradigms have been advanced to address criminal treatment strategies: retribution, rehabilitation, and restoration (p. 559). We first look at retributive, where the criminal will have punitive consequences for their behavior. Then we want to make sure that they get rehabilitated as much as it is possible, whether it be drug abuse treatment, therapy for them and for their family. We also want them to know that what they did was wrong and they should have accountability for what they did. This will entail the victim being involved with getting help also (Baffour, 2006, p. 559). One way of intervention for juvenile recidivism is to place the youth into a program that has a limited time for them to stay. This would be a program that is community supported versus placing the youth into a residential treatment program. While the youth is in the program they would receive help that included the whole family. For the juvenile that went willingly there was a decrease in juvenile recidivism as compared to the ones that were made to go somewhere without their consent (Latimer, 2001, p. 244). When looking at the issues with black males and how they cope with having fathers that aren’t involved in their lives, there are some that seem to do well with it and some that don’t do as well. A 25% incline of homes without fathers is on the rise within the 40 years. Some of these homes have not only the influence of the mom but also the grandmother. According to Cartwright, et al, (2012), â€Å"The absence of fathers is a major factor in many issues such as crime and delinquency, premature sexuality, poor educational achievement, and poverty, which have negatively impacted society (pp. 29-30). So with that being said a study followed five males that were African American. These males were found to be in college and grew up in homes without the father present. Looking at what made the difference for them that didn’t work for many others that end up being repeat offenders in the system (2012, p. 31). What made the difference that was made for these males that others may of not or maybe they didn’t have enough of it. According to Cartwright, (2011), â€Å"†¦(a) a male role model or mentor, (b) a supportive mother, (c) wanting to achieve an education, (d) respect for their fathers, and (e) resiliency (p. 34). For a boy to have a male role model that can be positive can be important because there are things that they aren’t able to say to their moms that having a male in their life can make a difference (2012, p. 34). These young men are aware of how they are viewed by the people around them because they are black. Much of society’s influences come from what they see on television. It is important for these men to not be the way society sees them but instead to be the way they want to be and show society that they are different (2012, p. 35). The respectfulness that they felt for their fathers could have been what kept them from feeling anger that many young men feel when their fathers aren’t present in their lives (2012, p. 36). By teaching young black children that don’t have a father in the home that they can obtain an education it can help to get them on a right track (2012, 38).

Reflective writing †personal view Essay

There are many learning theories, each of them emphasizing various aspects of the teaching and learning process. I support the claim that adult learning should be looked at as a distinct style of learning and is unique to that of child and adolescence learning. Adults bring their life experiences into the classroom. They bring past knowledge as well as past biases and beliefs. Adult students want to be acknowledged as adults. They need to be actively involved in determining how and what they will learn, and they need active rather than passive learning experiences. Many adults are stressed from their daily lives responsibilities when they arrive for class and need a style of teaching that is creative, alive and humorous to hold their attention. Adult educators must produce learning environments in which all learners can feel they are accomplishing something or benefiting some how. The types of benefits and interpretation of accomplishment can vary depending on a person’s socio-economic background, culture, and situation in life, age or a variety of other variables. Whether or not a learning experience is successful will depend on the adult educator’s ability to understand the differences in people. Equally important is the personal experiences the educator has with a variety of participants and their characteristics. No one theory will fit every learning situation. There is an exception to every rule. There are, however, two theories that I feel closely supports my line of reasoning. First is Knowles’ theory of andragogy. Andragogy makes the following assumptions about the design of learning: (1) Adults need to know why they need to learn something (2) Adults need to learn experientially, (3) Adults approach learning as problem-solving, and (4) Adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value (Knowles, 1984). Knowles endeavored to develop a theory that was specific to adult learning. Knowles emphasizes that adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions. Staff development programs must embrace this essential viewpoint (Knowles, 1984). Therefore, in following the theory of andragogy a successful staff development program would focus on the way the information was being taught and less on the information’s content. The program would concentrate on creativity, hands-on coursework, role-playing and individualized needs (Knowles, 1984). Second is Characteristics of Adult Learners (CAL) by P. Cross As found in this weeks reading material the CAL model joins together other adult learning theories such as andragogy, experimental learning and lifespan psychology. CAL consists of two classes of variables: personal characteristics and situational characteristics. Personal characteristics include: aging, life phases, and developmental stages. The three dimensions take on different roles depending on the point a person is in their life. Situational characteristics consist of the circumstances encompassing the students learning experience. These circumstances could be whether or not the person is going to school full-time or part-time, and perhaps the arrangement of their schedule. Despite their situation an adult learner will augment their effort when motivated by a need, a benefit, or a desire to learn. The experiences in which the learner will participate must be significant and meaningful to him or her in order to build incentive. Adult learners learn at different rates and in various ways. Their abilities can vary depending on their educational level, intellectual ability, personality and learning styles. In concluding I want to reiterate that I maintain adult learning should be looked at as a distinct style of learning. It is unique and should be studied separate to that of child and adolescence learning. Children learners are as a blank slate. Adult learners are entering the classroom with a mountain of issues surrounding their need or desire to learn. These situations must be addressed if we are to achieve success in holding the  interest of the adult learner. Adult learners need to be involved in active learning. The reason the adult learner has entered the classroom also needs to be addressed. The typical adult learner seeks out an education for a reason. The reason can be self-improvement, job enhancement, or quest for more income. It may be self-fulfillment, maintaining culture status, society status or a whole slew of other reasons. My point is, adults who pursue further education have a mission to fulfill. The need may be personal or secular. Knowles,M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (3rd Ed.). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing.

Free Essays on Young Ladies And Gangs

Why Do Female Youths Join Gangs? Female youths join street gangs on the basis of gender conflict, lack of family support and violence in their lives. Through adolescence young females have a much harder time than young males dealing with family, sexuality and the harsh reality of living in the urban ghetto. Young females who must endure these facets of life have little opportunity to succeed. Consequently, these young women turn to a replacement family, a place where they feel they are needed and loved and can escape reality, even if momentarily. This type of place is in the common street gang. Presently, inner city minorities are hopelessly discriminated and isolated from economic opportunity. Young females see society as having nothing to offer young minority women. Neglected communities with high crime and a lack of resources force young females to turn to others in the same situation for support. Thus, they develop an exaggerated sense of belonging and gain excitement lacking in their lives (Chesney-Lind 53). According to Thornberry there are three types of models that account for gang membership: selection model, social facilitation model and enhancement model. Female membership seems to fall into the selection model. The selection model states that gangs only recruit or associate with already delinquent persons (Dukes, Martinez, Stein 143). In 1994 â€Å"females accounted for 24% of all juvenile arrests† (Chesney-Lind 11). Also, female gang members show higher levels of delinquency than non gang members (Curry 12). However, they do not necessarily influence members once in the gang. Such as many researchers have found; once in a gang, female members are not expected to involve themselves in delinquency. Recent estimates of female gang involvement have shown a tremendous increase in female membership. These increases have become great enough to turn researchers attention to female gang members. Studies have shown that ten to thi... Free Essays on Young Ladies And Gangs Free Essays on Young Ladies And Gangs Why Do Female Youths Join Gangs? Female youths join street gangs on the basis of gender conflict, lack of family support and violence in their lives. Through adolescence young females have a much harder time than young males dealing with family, sexuality and the harsh reality of living in the urban ghetto. Young females who must endure these facets of life have little opportunity to succeed. Consequently, these young women turn to a replacement family, a place where they feel they are needed and loved and can escape reality, even if momentarily. This type of place is in the common street gang. Presently, inner city minorities are hopelessly discriminated and isolated from economic opportunity. Young females see society as having nothing to offer young minority women. Neglected communities with high crime and a lack of resources force young females to turn to others in the same situation for support. Thus, they develop an exaggerated sense of belonging and gain excitement lacking in their lives (Chesney-Lind 53). According to Thornberry there are three types of models that account for gang membership: selection model, social facilitation model and enhancement model. Female membership seems to fall into the selection model. The selection model states that gangs only recruit or associate with already delinquent persons (Dukes, Martinez, Stein 143). In 1994 â€Å"females accounted for 24% of all juvenile arrests† (Chesney-Lind 11). Also, female gang members show higher levels of delinquency than non gang members (Curry 12). However, they do not necessarily influence members once in the gang. Such as many researchers have found; once in a gang, female members are not expected to involve themselves in delinquency. Recent estimates of female gang involvement have shown a tremendous increase in female membership. These increases have become great enough to turn researchers attention to female gang members. Studies have shown that ten to thi...

US Immigration Should Not Be Curbed essays

US Immigration Should Not Be Curbed essays U.S Immigration Should Not Be Curbed The argument over whether or not immigration should be restricted, is fought out by Daniel James and Stephen Moore. James essentially believes that jobs are being taken away from American workers, immigrants are causing an increase of population (and subsequent pollution of the environment), and breaking up American culture. Moore, on the other hand, insists that immigrants are vital to the success of the country as a whole and without them, we would not be the country that we are. He believes that immigrants have created, not destroyed, jobs and have enhanced the economy and the culture. The arguments are presented well by both sides, however, Stephen Moore is the better voice for my opinion; Immigration to the United Stated should not be restricted. James fears that current laws on immigration will eventually lead to unprecedented numbers and unforeseen problems. He sights several problems, one of which is overcrowding. Projections indicate that between 45 and 54 million people will enter the U.S. in a little over a generation and this number would increase if Communism falls in Cuba. This overcrowding, he feels, would lead to another problem: pollution. In California, for example, the population has swelled from 23.7 million to more than 31 million since 1980. This boom has led to the contamination of waterways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Orange counties were once pristine bays are now hopelessly polluted. Another worry of James is the cost to taxpayers. Projections show that from 1993 to 2002, immigration may cost citizens $668.5 billion, driving the national debt up. In a study conducted by economist Donald Huddle, it was found that the cost of immigration was $42.5 billion (even after subtracting $20.2 billion of taxpayer money). The cost of incarceration of immigrants also swells this figure. In 1992 alone, the cost of the imprisonment of immigrants ...

Indefinite Pronouns of Spanish

Indefinite Pronouns of Spanish Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. The list below indicates which pronouns these are in both English and Spanish. In Spanish as in English, most of the words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes function as other parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and plural forms, so they must agree with the nouns they refer to. Here are the indefinite pronouns of Spanish with examples of their use: alguien - someone, somebody, anyone, anybody - Necesito a alguien que pueda escribir. (I need someone who can write.)  ¿Me llamà ³ alguien? (Did anybody call me?) algo - something - Veo algo grande y blanco. (I see something big and white.)  ¿Aprendiste algo esta tarde? (Did you learn something this afternoon?) alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas - one, some (things or people) - Puedes suscribirte a alguno de nuestros servicios. (You can subscribe to one of our services.)  ¿Quieres alguno ms? (Do you want one more?) Voy a estudiar con algunas de las madres. (Im going to study with some of the mothers.) Algunos quieren salir. (Some want to leave.) cualquiera - anybody, anyone - Cualquiera puede tocar la guitarra. (Anyone can play the guitar.) - The plural form, cualesquiera, is seldom used. mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas - much, many - Me queda mucho por hacer. (I have much left to do.) La escuela tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The school has much to offer.) Somos muchos. (There are many of us. Literally, we are many.) nada - nothing - Nada me parece cierto. (Nothing seems certain to me.) No tengo nada. (I have nothing.) - Note that when nada follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form, making a double negative. nadie - nobody, no one - Nadie me cree. (Nobody believes me.) No conozco a nadie. (I know nobody.) - Note that when nadie follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form, making a double negative. ninguno, ninguna - none, nobody, no one - Ninguna de ellas va al parque. (None of them are going to the park.) No conozco a ninguno. (I know nobody. - Note that when ninguno follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. Plural forms (ningunos and ningunas) exist but are seldom used. otro, otra, otros, otras - another, other one, another one, other ones, others - Quiero otro. (I want another one.) Los otros van al parque. (The others are going to the park.) - Un otro and una otra are not used for another one. Otros and the related pronouns can be combined with a definite article (el, la, los or las) as in the second example. poco, poca, pocos, pocas - little, little bit, few, a few - Tengo un poco de miedo. (I have a little bit of fear.) Pocos van al parque. (A few are going to the park.) todo, toda, todos, todas - everything, all, everyone - Èl comià ³ todo. (He ate everything.) Todos van al parque. (All are going to the park.) - In singular form, todo exists only in the neuter (todo). uno, una, unos, unas - one, some - Uno no puede creer sin hacer. (One cannot believe without doing.) Unos quieren ganar ms. (Some want to earn more.) Comà ­ uno y desechà © el otro. (I ate one and threw away the other.) - Uno and its variations are often used in conjunction with forms of otro, as in the third example. Although some different pronouns are translated the same into English, they arent necessarily interchangeable. Explaining some of the subtle differences in usage is beyond the scope of this lesson. In many cases, the pronouns can be translated in more than one way into English; you must rely on context in those cases to convey the meaning.

Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racism - Essay Example Therefore, in order to keep that from happening, the indigenous people make use of racism and ethnic discrimination to scare the foreigners away. In order to eliminate racism and ethnic discrimination from our society, it is imperative that anti racism notions are cultivated in children in schools. Concepts developed in the schools play a fundamental role in determining the way a child would behave as an adult. Therefore, subjects as sociology and religion must be made necessary part of the curriculum in order to inculcate the sense of equality and harmony in the children so that they become responsible citizens as adults. In the workplace, employers should enforce rules that openly discourage the display of any sort of racism on the part of the employees. Employees showing racism should be expelled. Likewise, government should arrange lectures to convince the elderly against racism. I do not think that we would ever be able to completely rid the world of prejudice. Irrespective of t he education or grooming, people fundamentally behave as their nature dictates them to, though if the aforementioned measures are taken, people can be at least influenced to change their attitude towards people from other races.

Performance of the UK auto- and motor industry Literature review

Performance of the UK auto- and motor industry - Literature review Example Because of this superior level of internet sponsored network connectivity, the world has become a highly connected one single global entity. It is highly interesting to mention that the level of dependency that exists in between the organizations and business forums of various countries and markets is widely varying and largely diversifying in nature. As of the recent times, the advanced markets located in the well developed economies are facing factors of low demand because of the influence of a wide range of macroeconomic factors like the slow growth in the economy and fall in purchasing power of the consumers. It has become a common and normal trends for the companies and organizations located in the regions of slower growth to look forward to the markets of emerging economies like Africa, china, Russia, Brazil and India so as to secure their growth lines of the future (IMF Research Dept, 2012, p. 7) . The UK motor segment forms a very crucial and critical part of the entire motor industry of the European region. The factors like product manufacturing, combined participation and sharing of manufacturing policy by the auto manufacturers as well as the multiple markets served in a combined basis by the entire European automobile sector makes the contribution of the UK motor industry very important. It also has to be taken into account that the production of the automobile sectors in the UK region contributes in a positive manner in the economy and society of the nation (Johnson, 2002, p. 164). UK auto industry: sector overview It is highly relevant to mention that the most of the nations of the European region is facing extended periods of macro level economic challenges in regards to the troubles of the Euro zone. Since the UK motor industry shares a high degree of contribution based dependence with the entire European motor industry, it is very natural that the potential influence of the regions’ macroeconomic challenges is bound to cast a shadow on t he prospects of the UK automobile sector. As of October 2012, various reports on the automobile sector of the UK region hinted to the fact that around 1400 workers of the motor sector is about to lose their jobs as a result of cuts that are supposed to be initiated by the motor manufacturing giant Ford in its plant locations of Southampton and Dagenham. Further insights revealed that the job cuts in the motor sector is an outcome of Euro zone powered effect which comprised of uncertainty in the business environment as well as erosion in demand. It was also realized that Ford has focused on consolidating its manufacturing operations in the European region on the strategic grounds, while trying their best to absorb the case of depreciating demand of finished products from the European region. Talking on the lines of impacts and threats faced by the automobile sector of UK, it has to be said that the automobile sector faces serious issues on the lines of rising cost of manufacturing in the UK region as well as highly

Assignment 2- Juv. Delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 2- Juv. Delinquency - Essay Example Grossman asserts that the major psychological processes that cause violence include classical conditioning, imitation and observation of vicarious role models in social learning, and operant conditioning. Grossman asserts that violence may be caused among children due to classical conditioning process. This happens through what children watch, see in movie theatres across the country and at home, exposing them to horrible, detailed suffering and killing of people. Children also learn to associate such suffering and killing with pleasure, entertainment, favorite candy bar, favorite drink, the close and intimate contact of their date. I think this is true in all manner of reasoning (Grossman, 2009). Children are exposed to horror movies where human beings are slaughtered, butchered. These are then associated with entertainment, and ultimately impact on adolescents. Grossman has also indicated the effect of video games on children in terms of violence. Interactive video games that children play today are composed of firing ranges wit pop up targets and instant feedback. This aggravates children as they learn to target to kill. Vietnam has a stimulus discriminator that is built to ensure that such games only allow shooting under authority, however, what children play as video games do not have such safeguards built in their conditioning. Therefore, they fire to kill at will, and this is impacting negatively on their psychology (Grossman, 2009). Imitation and observation of vicarious role models is another cause of violent behavior among juveniles. Grossman asserts that when children imitate or observe heroes kill, torture, they too like to try the same. For example, models in the Hannibal the Cannibal, and the hosts of horrendous, sadistic murderers, have become major causes of violent behavior among children who imitate them. Children want to associate with them and at the end adopt a violent culture (Grossman, 2009). Generally, I agree with

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture Assignment - 1

Jews of Spain relationship with Islamic and Arabic Culture - Assignment Example Ladino was a romantic language that borrowed much from Judeo-Catalan, Hebrew, and Old Castilian. However, Jews in Spain currently uses Spanish as their language. The adoption of the Arabic culture by the Spanish Jewish started in the twelfth century when Almohades seized the southern parts of the Spain. He gave three choices to the Jews in Spain: death, flee or adopt the Arabic culture. Some of the Arabic cultural practices that Spanish Jews adopted include using of the last name. Jews were renowned of using their first name, their fathers’ name, or even their tribal name but with adoption of the Arabic culture, they were compelled to use the last name. The Spanish Jews adopted washing of legs and hands before entering the synagogue just as the Muslims do; they also adopted Arabic tunes for their sacred songs (Attig 832). In addition, the Arabic rule made the Spanish Jews to shift from their native languages such as Hebrews and Aramaic to Arabic language. The loss of the Jewish language led to extinction of the central literary works that was a characteristic of the Jewish culture. Examples of the Jewish literary works are poetry, Torah, Mishnah, liturgy, and Midrash (Corrà © 172). Moreover, the wide spread of the Arabic language resulted into Bible translation into Arabic. Consequently, Jews shifted from their traditional habit of being religious to secular. Furthermore, the Spanish Jews adopted the court system of settling disputes. Additionally, Jews of Spain accepted the Arabic traditions and customs including clothing in their daily routine (Corrà © 172). Jewish of Spain never lost hope of their culture, however, they took advantage of the Islamic rule to revive their culture by collaborating with them. The Spanish Jews struck an agreement with the Islamic rulers so that they could exercise their religion and culture. This agreement came at a cost because they had to a pay a special tax called jizya. Therefore, they enjoyed

The MP3 Player Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The MP3 Player Industry - Essay Example Second, the industry has been dominated by Apple because the company garners from 65 to 80 percent of the market share. Third, technological leadership appears to be a major determinant of who leads in the industry. Marino pointed out that â€Å"MP3 player manufacturers were continuously working to develop players that were physically smaller, with larger storage capacity, a longer batter life, and a simpler user interface† (p. 2). Fourth, electronic devices have been converging. As pointed out by Marino, â€Å" combinations of cameras, MP3s, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and even cell phones were becoming abundantly popular† (p. 3). This means that even the MP3 player industry can disappear with the emergence of a product the combines the cellular phone, MP3 player, camera and personal digital assistants. In view of this, it can be asserted that the basic competition in the MP3 player industry is a fast, seamless, efficient and excellent transformation of each MP 3 player firm into a firm producing a product that integrates the features of a camera, cellular phone, MP3 player, personal digital assistant and other electronic equipment into a single device. For instance, one device that has been integrated recently into such a device is the GPS locator or the device that identifies one’s exact location on earth in terms of latitude and longitude. Varian (2010, p. 523) defines a dominant strategy as the â€Å"one optimal choice of strategy for each player no matter what the other player does.† Varian (2010, p. 523) elaborated that â€Å"if there is a dominant strategy for each player in some game, then we would predict that it would be the equilibrium outcome of the game.† Varian (2010, p. 536) said â€Å"a dominant strategy equilibrium is a set of choices for which each player’s choices are optimal regardless of what the other players choose.† Similar with the Varian (2010) definition, a popular definition of dominant strategy is by Michael Shor. According to Shor (2006a), â€Å"A strategy is dominant if, regardless of what any players do, the strategy earns a larger payoff than any other. Hence, a strategy is dominant if it always better than any other strategy, for any profile of other players actions. Depending on whether â€Å"better† is defined with weak or strict inequalities, the strategy is termed strictly dominant or weakly dominant. If one strategy is dominant, then all others are dominated.† In general, the dominant strategy can be a Nash equilibrium. According to Shor (2006b), Nash equilibrium â€Å"is a set of strategies, one for each player, such that no player has incentive to unilaterally change her action.† Among several possible dominant strategies, a Nash equilibrium is one possible dominant strategy in the MP3 Player industry. 2. 5 Forces of the music player industry and which one is the strongest? The idea of five forces shaping the industry cam e from Porter (1985). According to Porter (1985, p. 5), the five forces any industry are rivalry among firms, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers and threat of substitute products or services. Like in any other industry, the same five forces are shaping the MP3 player industry although Hunger and Wheelen (2011) has identified a sixth which consists of the other stakeholders. According to Hunger and Wheelen (2011), these other stakeholders include governments, local communities and groups that can influence

Providing a Motivation for Addressing Your Topic Assignment

Providing a Motivation for Addressing Your Topic - Assignment Example This has really paralyzed the education sector in the whole country. This paper will conduct an extensive research on the causes of this menace and give well-thought and feasible recommendations on how it can be ultimately resolved (Creswell, 2008). Of course, this topic is quite interesting to me. As an educationist, I am a strong advocate for quality education, which I believe, can not be attained if no adequate funding is provided. For this reason, the federal, state and local governments have been pumping money into all the public elementary and high schools across the country that deserve such a funding. In fact, out of its revenues, the federal allocates approximately 4% of its budget for education (Radin, 2006). Since these are public resources, they should be properly utilized at all times. For this reason, the government, through its relevant agencies, has been mandated to be in charge of the disbursed allocations. However, with the liberalization of the education sector, various state departments of education have decentralized financial control to the individual school principals and administrators. Under the supervision of the School district Management Boards, each principal has been allowed to identify their needs and develop their own budget. This is commendable since it is them who understand their demands. Interestingly, school resources are still being misused during each and every budget year. Instead of acting as the custodians of school funds, many principals and school administrators have been robbing their institutions of their resources. They do not use it as planned (Starr, 2014). At times, they are tempted to divert these resources into their own personal uses. This has been quite unfortunate because it has been denying thousands of poor American children the opportunity acquire government sponsored education which they entirely rely on. According to past records, there are

The MP3 Player Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The MP3 Player Industry - Essay Example Second, the industry has been dominated by Apple because the company garners from 65 to 80 percent of the market share. Third, technological leadership appears to be a major determinant of who leads in the industry. Marino pointed out that â€Å"MP3 player manufacturers were continuously working to develop players that were physically smaller, with larger storage capacity, a longer batter life, and a simpler user interface† (p. 2). Fourth, electronic devices have been converging. As pointed out by Marino, â€Å" combinations of cameras, MP3s, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and even cell phones were becoming abundantly popular† (p. 3). This means that even the MP3 player industry can disappear with the emergence of a product the combines the cellular phone, MP3 player, camera and personal digital assistants. In view of this, it can be asserted that the basic competition in the MP3 player industry is a fast, seamless, efficient and excellent transformation of each MP 3 player firm into a firm producing a product that integrates the features of a camera, cellular phone, MP3 player, personal digital assistant and other electronic equipment into a single device. For instance, one device that has been integrated recently into such a device is the GPS locator or the device that identifies one’s exact location on earth in terms of latitude and longitude. Varian (2010, p. 523) defines a dominant strategy as the â€Å"one optimal choice of strategy for each player no matter what the other player does.† Varian (2010, p. 523) elaborated that â€Å"if there is a dominant strategy for each player in some game, then we would predict that it would be the equilibrium outcome of the game.† Varian (2010, p. 536) said â€Å"a dominant strategy equilibrium is a set of choices for which each player’s choices are optimal regardless of what the other players choose.† Similar with the Varian (2010) definition, a popular definition of dominant strategy is by Michael Shor. According to Shor (2006a), â€Å"A strategy is dominant if, regardless of what any players do, the strategy earns a larger payoff than any other. Hence, a strategy is dominant if it always better than any other strategy, for any profile of other players actions. Depending on whether â€Å"better† is defined with weak or strict inequalities, the strategy is termed strictly dominant or weakly dominant. If one strategy is dominant, then all others are dominated.† In general, the dominant strategy can be a Nash equilibrium. According to Shor (2006b), Nash equilibrium â€Å"is a set of strategies, one for each player, such that no player has incentive to unilaterally change her action.† Among several possible dominant strategies, a Nash equilibrium is one possible dominant strategy in the MP3 Player industry. 2. 5 Forces of the music player industry and which one is the strongest? The idea of five forces shaping the industry cam e from Porter (1985). According to Porter (1985, p. 5), the five forces any industry are rivalry among firms, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers and threat of substitute products or services. Like in any other industry, the same five forces are shaping the MP3 player industry although Hunger and Wheelen (2011) has identified a sixth which consists of the other stakeholders. According to Hunger and Wheelen (2011), these other stakeholders include governments, local communities and groups that can influence

Provinces of the Philippines and Kara David Essay Example for Free

Provinces of the Philippines and Kara David Essay Ang Huling Prinsesa† (The Last Princess) is a documentary from Kara David shown in I-Witness back in 2004. It is a challenging feat for anyone who wants to see and explore a mysterious tradition preserved for decades among some of the mountains isolated communities. I-Witness travels to the Tapaz Mountain, considered the farthest in Capiz, located in the central Philippines island of Panay. Reporter Kara David reaches the community of Rizal Sur, a village that looks just like any other isolated community, where the people living in traditional huts and survive on whatever nature provides them. In the midst of this community, she meets one of the last remaining binukots, 73-year-old Lola (grandmother). This old woman lives in an old hut, just like everybody else in the community. However, she has stayed inside a room in the house ever since she was five years old, living in isolation as the family chosen binukot. Since being chosen the binukot of her tribe, the old woman has worn a veil so that no one can see her face. She is lifted onto a hammock every day so her feet never touch the ground. She is bathed, combed and served only the best food like an ancient princess. Her work is to learn the traditional dances and memorize the tribe’s hours-long epics. Only the binukots learn the epics, which are taught to them orally. Thus, they are also the only ones who may pass the long stories of their ancestors to the next generation. Personal insight Stories of princess were part of our childhood memories. We dream of becoming one during those times. But in Tumandok tribe in Tapaz, Capiz, Philippines, there were women, who were treated like a princess. They are known to be the binukot.

Grievance handling procedure in Reliance Infocomm Limited

Grievance handling procedure in Reliance Infocomm Limited To develop a Grievance handling procedure for Reliance Infocomm after studying in detail the types and causes of grievances those are specific to Reliance Communication Limited. Objectives: To frame a Grievance Redressal Procedure for Reliance Infocomm Limited. To analyze the types of grievances that existed among the employees of Reliance Infocomm Limited. To obtain suggestions on the kind of Grievance Redressal Procedures from the employers of Reliance Infocomm Limited. Introduction: Every employee has certain expectations which he thinks must be fulfilled by the organization he is working for. When the organization fails to do this, he develops a feeling of discontent or dissatisfaction. When an employee feels that something is unfair in the organization, he is said to have a grievance. In the Industrial Relations language, Grievance is defined as anything which irritates or tends to make work conditions unsatisfactory and thereby harbors a discontent or dissatisfaction arising anything connected with the company that an employee thinks, believes or even feels, unfair, unjust. In this sense many of the controversial issues in Industrial Organizations may be said to arise as a result of incept or ill-advised handling or neglect of grievances which individually may appear trivial but collectively may become explosive. The basic objective of the project is to frame a Grievance Redressal Procedure for Reliance Infocomm Limited and to analyze the types of grievances that existed among the employees of Reliance Infocomm Limited. Telecommunications Industry IN India The telecommunications industries in India are highly competitive. The growth rates in the number of telecommunication lines (both fixed and mobile) have been growing quite significantly, teledensities have been steadily improving and the ratio of mobile to fixed communications has crossed unity. In addition to the distribution of telecommunications services, India has a sizeable telecommunications equipment manufacturing industry. India has followed a policy of establishing a stand alone public laboratory, which was charged with the responsibility of developing a family of digital switching equipments and then transferring this generated technology to domestic public and private sector telecom equipment manufacturers. The telecommunications industry is a good example of the fact while having cheap factor endowments is necessary for a country to establish its presence in the international market; ability to move up the innovation ladder is a sufficient condition for that to occur. India is been considered to be the emerging technological giant from the developing world. India spent about one percent of their GDP on RD and have a growing number of patents issued in the US to their local inventors. India is an acknowledged powerhouse in embedded software, business software in general, chip designs and in pharmaceuticals. India has one of the largest telecommunications networks in the world. Reliance Infocomm is part of a large Indian conglomerate namely Reliance Industries. The American telecoms company, Qualcomm that pioneered the CDMA technology, holds about 4 per cent of the shares of Reliance Infocomm. Qualcomm makes money from royalties every time a chipset is inserted into CDMA phones and other network equipment as well as from license fees. Further based on my discussions with Midas Communications, it could be seen that the order from Reliance Infocomm has led to a large quantum of orders from both elsewhere within the country and from abroad. For instanc e, following test-run with 25,000 CorDect systems in 24 cities across nine states for over an year, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has recently awarded a contract for over 0.6 million CorDect lines. The BSNL contract is worth around Rs. 7 billion and is divided among Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd (HFCL), Indian Telephone Industries Ltd (ITI), and Electronic Corporation of India (ECI), Shyam Telecom and Hindustan Teleprinters Ltd (HTL). Literature Review Introduction In a broader perspective, any discontent or dissatisfaction, real or imaginary, experienced, by an employer about his or her employment constitutes a grievance. In their working lives, employees occasionally become aggrieved at the treatment meted out to them by the supervisors or the management on certain service conditions managerial decisions, practices, etc., A grievance should be treated as a show cause issued by the workmen against the management by an undertaking. Grievances can arise mainly under two conditions, namely: When management attempts or does something which it is not expected to do. When the management fails or refrains from doing something which it is expected to do. Thus a grievance is also an indicator of the organizational health. The complainant may or may not specifically assign reasons for dissatisfaction. But once the complaint is formally presented it has got be investigated and a solution is found out. According to Beach, D.S, and Personnel Administration, of People at Work, 1965, Any dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice in connection with ones employment situation that is brought to the notice of management. According to S. Chandra, Grievance Procedure: A Survey of Practices in India, 1968, the following causes have been given of employee grievances: Promotions, Amenities, Continuity of services, Compensation, Disciplinary action, Fines, Increments, Leave, Medical Benefits, Nature of the job, Payment of wages, Acting promotion, Recovery of dues, Safety appliance, Superannuation, Super session, Transfer, Victimization and Conditions of work. The handling of special grievances may involve special steps as well as, or in place of, skipping certain steps within normal grievance channels, by Petterfer, J.C, Effective Grievance Arbitration in California Management Review, 1970. According to Shea, John, Would Foremen Unionize? in Personnel Journal, 1970, There are always time limits between different steps of the grievance procedure. Additional steps are taken within a grievance system when labour is dissatisfied with the solution put forward by the lower line management. According to Jucius, J.M., Personnel Management, 1971, A grievance is any discontent or dissatisfaction, whether expressed or not, whether valid or not, arising out of anything connected with the company which an employee thinks, believes or even feels to be unfair, unjust or inequitable. Any real or imagined feeling of personal injustice which an employee has concerning his employment relationship by Keith Davis, Human Relations at Work, 1971. A written complaint filed by an employee and claiming unfair treatment by Dale Yoder, Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, 1972. The Indian Institute of personnel Management, Calcutta, in the year 1973, has briefly summarized the grievance procedure in the following five steps: In the first instance, the grievance should be settled at the lowest level, that is, the employee should raise his grievance with his immediate superior. It should be made clear to the employee that he may appeal if he does not get satisfaction from his immediate superior. He should know who the next person in the echelon of management is to whom he should refer his grievance. The grievance should be speedily dealt with If the grievance is against any instructions issued by the superior, the employee should clearly understand that, in the interest of discipline, the instructions must first be carried out before the grievance can be considered and decided upon. It is only when this has been done that the employer will register his protest and set the grievance handling procedure in motion. It should be clearly understood by the employee that there will be no recourse to any official machinery till the grievance redressal procedure has been set in motion and that, in the event the employee is still dissatisfied, there will be no direct action by either party which might prejudice the case or raise doubts while the grievance is being investigate. The grievance is usually more formal in character than a complaint. It can be valid or ridiculous, and must grow out of something connected with company operations or policy. It must involve an interpretation or application of the provisions of the labour contract says Flippo, Principles of Personnel Management, 1976. Chapman, Brad J., 1976, observes: An employees concern for his job security may prompt a grievance over a transfer, work assignment, or promotion. Sometimes bad relations between supervisors and subordinates are to blame: this is often the cause of grievances over fair treatment. Organizational factors like automated jobs or ambiguous job descriptions that frustrate or aggravate employees are other potential causes of grievances. Union activism is another cause. For example, the union may solicit grievances from workers to underscore ineffective supervision. Problem employees are yet another cause of grievances. These are individuals, who, by their nature, are negative, dissatisfied, and grievance prone. According to Sikula, A.F., Personnel Administration, 1978, It is not possible that all the complaints of the employees would be settled by first-line supervisors, for these supervisors may not have had a proper training for the purpose, and they may lack authority. Moreover, there may be personality conflicts and other causes as well. According to Brian Bemmels, Janice R.Foley, a common criticism of grievance procedure research is the lack of theoretical grounding for much of the research done prior to 1985. Several earlier reviews of the grievance literature raised the challenge of improving on the theoretical aspects of grievance research. According to Michael Corcoran, 2006 a solicitor in the Steeles employment team, offers advice on grievance procedures: The aim of a grievance procedure is to encourage consistency, transparency and fairness in the handling of workplace problems or complaints. It should allow the employer to seek an informal resolution where appropriate but allow for more formal proceedings should the circumstances demand. The grievance procedures must be followed in relation to any grievance about action by any employer that could form the basis of a complaint by an employee to an Employment Tribunal. A grievance is a complaint by an employee about action which his employer has taken or is contemplating taking in relation to him. Research Methodology RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insides into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables. RESEARCH TECHNIQUE: A research technique refers to the behavior and instruments we use in performing research operations. Here, regarding this project the techniques of Questionnaire is used with attitude skills, nominal scales, ordinal scales, and interval scales, and ratio scales mass behavioral scales. RESEARCH DESIGN: A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of date in manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Regarding this project, descriptive research design is applied. Here, Descriptive research design is concerned with describing the dissatisfaction of each individual on his job and the diagnostic research design helps in diagnostic research design helps in determine the frequency with which something occurs or its associated with something else. These two research designs helps in understand the characteristics in a given situation, think systematically about aspects in a given situation, offers idea for probe and research help to make certain simple decision. The researcher adopted random sampling method which includes 100 executives of Reliance Communication Limited. Conclusion In conclusion it is very important to remove the misunderstandings between the misunderstandings between the employer and employee. Human relations are the most important. It is the duty of the employer to remove the conflict from the minds of his employees and to localize problems and to find out ways and means for redressal of grievance. For achieving this goal an effective grievance procedure will certainly contribute to industrial peace and contended or happy labour.

A Brief History of Yellow Fever Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

You woke up a week ago feeling odd. You were not sure what was wrong, but your body was full of aches, you felt hot to the touch, and you kept vomiting. Your mother told you to lay down and rest, hoping it was just a cold. After a few days, you began to feel better, well enough that you wanted to return to the river to watch the trade ships come in. Now, unfortunately, your symptoms have come back with a vengeance – your fever is back along with intense abdominal pain, your mouth is bleeding without being wounded, and every time you vomit, it appears black in color. Also, when you look in the mirror, your skin has changed from the sun-kissed color you have always been to a dull yellow hue. The doctor comes in to examine you; he makes many â€Å"tsk tsk† noises and hurries out of the room with a cloth over his face. The doctor mumbles to your mother that he believes you have Yellow Jack and there is nothing more he can do, you are going to die. Your mother weeps uncontro llably yet you cannot react because another horrendous pain in your head has doubled you over. Soon, as you stop shaking and begin to relax, the sounds of the doctor and your mother become white noise and your surroundings begin to dull until you prove the doctor right; another person fell victim to the infectious Yellow Fever virus. There is no definitive history or discovery date, but it is assumed that Yellow Fever originated in Africa and was brought to the Americas by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes â€Å"hitchhiking† on trade and slave ships. The first believed outbreak happened in 1648 in the Yucatà ¡n. It is â€Å"believed† because early documentation of disease and illness was not thoroughly investigated or described, they could have been caused by one thing or another. There is ... ...Organization summed it up best by stating â€Å"yellow fever is still considered to be a public health emergency of international concern,† (Yellow Fever WHO). Works Cited Castro, Ivà ¡n. 100 Hispanics You Should Know. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2007. Print. Cefrey, Holly. Yellow Fever. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. Print. Dickerson, James L. Yellow Fever: A Deadly Disease Poised to Kill Again. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006. Print. Murphy, Jim. An American Plague: the True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793. New York, NY: Clarion Books, 2003. Print. Shmaefsky, Brian R. Yellow Fever. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2010. Print. â€Å"Yellow Fever.† www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Yellow Fever.† www.who.int/en. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.

Public Education Essay -- A Level Essays

Public Education Education is an issue that touches everyone’s lives in one way or another. Whether you are a parent, student, teacher, taxpayer, or employee, the effects of education on society can be seen everyday. For this reason, public schools are a top concern among political leaders. Over the past twenty-five years, confidence in the nation’s public school system has dramatically declined. While the public for the most part seems to support their school district, criticism is not lacking. Recent years especially have shown dissipating support. It appears that the prevailing view is that public education, as a whole, is in bad condition and is in need of a renewed effort to fix it. Private schools seem to fare better opinions than public schools in important areas such as safety, order, academic standards, and class size. Today’s Congress is looking for the correct answer to a very diverse and complex problem. In 2001, Congress approved President Bush’s education reform bill, otherwise known as the No Child Left Behind Act. This bill acts to provide local districts with increased flexibility in spending federal aid. It also requires annual standardized math and reading tests. Many of the issues addressed within the bill follow conservative ideology. However, the bill was a collaborative effort, between both democrats and republicans, to try to deal with America’s education problems in the most effective way possible. We will continue to discuss the major significant points of this legislation later on. Currently, Congress has turned its attention to special education. While the program is good because it helps the children in need, critics argue that it provides... ...a moderate may believe that the answer to America’s educational system lies within the need to raise educational standards and increase school funding. Because the No Child Left Behind Act was a compromise between Liberals and Conservatives, it is likely that most Moderates would agree with most of the ideas set out in the bill. However, being that there is no set model for the moderate perspective on education, a moderate can disagree on any number of resolutions within the act. Sources Cited: www.publicagenda.com http://www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml http://www.house.gov/georgemiller/rel5200.html http://www.senate.gov/~feinstein/releases01/education_reform.html http://www.cato.org/dailys/01-11-02.html http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/03/bush.budget/index.html http://www.house.gov/budget_democrats/news/bush_ed_june1003.htm Public Education Essay -- A Level Essays Public Education Education is an issue that touches everyone’s lives in one way or another. Whether you are a parent, student, teacher, taxpayer, or employee, the effects of education on society can be seen everyday. For this reason, public schools are a top concern among political leaders. Over the past twenty-five years, confidence in the nation’s public school system has dramatically declined. While the public for the most part seems to support their school district, criticism is not lacking. Recent years especially have shown dissipating support. It appears that the prevailing view is that public education, as a whole, is in bad condition and is in need of a renewed effort to fix it. Private schools seem to fare better opinions than public schools in important areas such as safety, order, academic standards, and class size. Today’s Congress is looking for the correct answer to a very diverse and complex problem. In 2001, Congress approved President Bush’s education reform bill, otherwise known as the No Child Left Behind Act. This bill acts to provide local districts with increased flexibility in spending federal aid. It also requires annual standardized math and reading tests. Many of the issues addressed within the bill follow conservative ideology. However, the bill was a collaborative effort, between both democrats and republicans, to try to deal with America’s education problems in the most effective way possible. We will continue to discuss the major significant points of this legislation later on. Currently, Congress has turned its attention to special education. While the program is good because it helps the children in need, critics argue that it provides... ...a moderate may believe that the answer to America’s educational system lies within the need to raise educational standards and increase school funding. Because the No Child Left Behind Act was a compromise between Liberals and Conservatives, it is likely that most Moderates would agree with most of the ideas set out in the bill. However, being that there is no set model for the moderate perspective on education, a moderate can disagree on any number of resolutions within the act. Sources Cited: www.publicagenda.com http://www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml http://www.house.gov/georgemiller/rel5200.html http://www.senate.gov/~feinstein/releases01/education_reform.html http://www.cato.org/dailys/01-11-02.html http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/03/bush.budget/index.html http://www.house.gov/budget_democrats/news/bush_ed_june1003.htm

Enlightenment Values In Europe Essay

The focal point of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the reasons behind the opposition to enlightenment values in Europe between the mid-18th and mid 20th centuries and who identify the section of the society that objected to progress, science, reason, liberty, happiness, etc. It can well be stated that the main aspect of this enlightenment was chiefly based on openness to religion, racism and civil rights along with freedom of thought process. These are all highly acclaimed values of today but back in mid-18th and mid 20th centuries, which are stated as Modern society, there were enough opposition in this context and this opposition was mainly economical. The idea of Modern Society is more of a concept than actuality. For this reason it is essential to define Modern Society. There are several notions regarding the concept of modern Society but most acceptable is the period dating from 1800s. Therefore, it is obvious that the era after 1800 (specifically after Industrial revolution) could be termed as Modern. However, when conceptualized, it can be stated there are several distinguishing features. It can well be stated that the industrial revolution brought the concept of modernism into existence during the mid-18th century. The most distinctive features of Modern society could be enumerated as Universality, development of Political thought, advent of technology and science, different inventions, approach towards Arts, Specified Cultures, distinctive warfare and industry. There are several social and economic factors that make the Modern society different from the Pre Modern Society. These social and economic factors are development of concepts like secularization, decontextualization, totalitarianism, mechanization, democratization, centralization, hierarchical organization, individualism, linear progression, homogenization, diversification, , hybridization, unification, industrial society, reductionism, , universalism, subjectivism, alienation, rationalization, and bureaucracy making the Modern society a complex and intricate civilization. Another distinctive feature of Modern society from its Pre modern counterpart is that during the modern era the advent of capital as a means of power came into existence. Previously this place was occupied by land in general. Alongside the advent of capital one of the most interesting feature that came into existence was the high volume of goods movement at a given state of time. In the Pre modern Society this phenomenon was unimaginable and Modern society only made it possible with help of capital and industrialization. (Kar, 2006) Yet another interesting feature of the Modern society is the availability of information. This became more easily available due to development of roads and other transportation and similar communication systems that made information abundant. Formerly, the areas that were separated by geographical barriers were broken down after the Pre modern Society and thus people became more aware of things happening around them. However, it should be taken into account that one of the most distinguishable aspects of modern society is its attitude towards sexuality and marriage. Given the many problems that are associated with marriage, it is not so surprising that many young people in Modern societies- which, to a great extent, now values individual fulfillment over traditions – have become disillusioned with the institution of marriage. This has resulted in the surging of non-traditional social structures. This could be termed as an extended approach of freedom of sexuality that flourished in the latter stages as one of the aspect of the civil right movements. This was predominantly an economy related factor as the voting rights of women and human rights of colored population were fallout of payment equality and right of work. All these factors instigated a complete openness to a number of aspects that was not only seen as immoral during the earlier period but also deem as sacrilege. It is obvious a section of the society was not in favor of the changes that were going around. The problem with these traditionalists was more economical than anything else. The lack of devotion towards the concept of God certainly displease the church as lesser interest in religion resulted into lesser amount of revenue and lower power in the sociopolitical perspective. The medieval period had the church at the center of all political and social structure and it gained huge authority over every aspect of life. Industrialization and economic independence certainly constricted the power and jurisdiction of the aspects of church and religion and thus made the religious authorities extremely unhappy about the proceedings. It was no surprise that the church openly opposed the progression of the European society. It was during this time slavery was banned first in United Kingdom and then the abolition was practiced all over Europe. This also was subjected to protests from certain part of the society, particularly from the commercial agricultural product manufacturers. These were the chief population that supported slavery in the different colonies of the Asia, Africa and Latin America under the imperialist banners of countries like UK, Germany, Spain, Portugal and France. Abolition of slavery was a huge attack on their profit margin and no wonder they protested with social and political influence and sometimes with financial and brute forces. (Lamb, 2004) The concept of civil rights developed as a logical fallout of these aspects. People were becoming aware of their position in the society through better mode of education and communication systems. The general mass was able to see the misgivings of the upper classes towards the rest of the population and identified the problem parts of the system and thus started to look for solution. The next step was rights for further participation into political arena and manifestation of political rights. Labor unrest and labor movement became a regular feature of the 19th century Europe and particularly in UK. These were movements that influenced the economical stability of the patricians of the society and hardly any of them was willing to part with their profit margin with the labors without a fight. Thus opposition in this case too was evident. It could also be stated that all the development of the era started from the openness of the thought process. The ultimate result was the combined force of religion and patricians worked overtime to resist this improvement of human dignity but eventually failed. King, 2006) In conclusion it can well be said that the driving force of history is predominantly economy and it is the different aspects and approach towards economy that give rise to conflicts and revolutions. It was true during the time of the crusades and it certainly relevant to the reasons behind the opposition to enlightenment values in Europe between the mid-18th and mid 20th centuries and objection of certain parts of the society against the aspects of progress, science, reason, l iberty and happiness.