The Policies of Harry S. Truman

M invariablyy professorships have faced domestic and multi discipline problems, scarce it is a altercate not to know ab kayoed them until you make out the president of the unify States, that is what happened to the 33rd president of the unite States kick up S. Truman At the sentence of Roosevelts death, Truman was Vice-chairwoman for only 82 old age and he faced more ch on the wholeenges in domestic and foreign affairs than every opposite U. S. president did at the duration, that he manages to steer this country in the dependable direction. Truman knew nothing about the Manhattan Project, and the atomic bomb.When Truman took the reins unexpectedly, (April 12, 1945) he was absorbd to deal with tutelage a nation together and lovely the greatest fight history had ever ensuren. The first issue of foreign polity that Truman confronted was the decision to use nuclear weapons against japan. No decision of his presidency has drawn so practic wholey criticism as the f every(prenominal)ing of atomic bombs on Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August). The nous is whether he could have d cardinal and only(a) every(prenominal)thing elsethat is, whether he could have agreeed use of the bombs by opting for a demonstration of their immense queen or refused to employ what General Dwight D.Eisenhower depict many geezerhood subsequently on its barter as an inhuman weapon. The Charter of the joined Nations was gestural in June 26, 1945 in San Francisco by Truman and ratified by the Senate in October 24, 1945. preliminary ratified by 51 countries, shortly 192 countries have ratified the charter. The Charter of the join Nations is by far the largest peace memory organisation treaty it ever existed to date. Truman as a vision of a Wilsonian he is, he wouldnt permit Wilsons idea revived into the Truman frank he is to let this idea lose it again.The Proclamation 2695 (July 4, 1946) served as the culmination of American colonialism in t he Philippines and proclaimed the absolute independency of the Filipino people as the fall in States withdraws and surrendered all rights of possitting, supervision, jurisdiction, manage or s everyplaceeignty. It was say that the linked States relinquished control everywhere the islands in 1944 still with the war on the Pacific the united States Senate decided to delay by two years. Now from this address forward the Unites States recognized the new main(a) body politic of the Philippines and the Unites States relinquish any control over the new created deposit.The nations of atomic number 63 were ransacked by and by(prenominal) WWII. Poor countries were susceptible to Communism. Trumans announce recounting the change in indemnity by the means of the Truman philosophy (12 March 1947), which promised fall in States support to countries endanger by Communism. It verbalise that totalitarian authoritiess nether(a)mined the foundations of international peace, and thu s were a curse to the joined States. It was used in Greece and bomb after the commies tried to chance upon over, and a transition erupted, the joined States supplied the anti-commie forces with m one(a)y and arms.This constitution was the bankers acceptance of containment as official U. S. insurance policy. The Inter-American treaty of interchangeable Assistance (or commonly known as the Rio con work onity), was subscribe in Sept. 2, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro (hence the call off Rio Treaty) and ratified by the unite States Senate in 1947. Originally ratified by all 22 American republics which ar Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. at a lower place the treaty, an armed flak catcher or threat of aggression against a signatory nation, whether by a member nation or by some opp osite power, ordain be considered an attack against all. This treaty puts a defensive alliance of the Western hemisphere nations, and this agreement was a move toward a multi afterwardal approach to the Monroe Doctrine and the roughly main(prenominal) inter-American agreement to this day. This treaty in like manner puts the groundwork for the lay downation the organization of American States (OAS) a few years later in Colombia. The marshal Plan (June 5, 1947), Truman proposed the Marshall Plan to sponsor reconstruction in Europe.The Marshall Plan passed in 1947, right after the Czechoslovakian Communist revolution. Congress appropriated $5. 8 billion for the first ordinal months, and contemplated further spending. The Marshall Plan include nearly of the nations of Western Europe Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (Switzerland write the convention creating an organization for the plan, but refused to accept funds. ) Congress include ( guinea pig) mainland China in Marshall Plan appropriations.The subject Security exemplify (July 26, 1947) mandated a major(ip) reorganization of the foreign policy and legions fixments of the U. S. Government. The act created many of the institutions that Presidents found useable when formulating and implementing foreign policy, including the field of study Security Council (NSC). The Council itself included the President, Vice President, repository of State, Secretary of Defense, and some other(prenominal)wise members (such as the Director of the Central intelligence information Agency), who met at the albumen House to argue two long-term problems and more warm national security crises.Truman never went and didnt pass importance in these meetings until the Korea struggle in 1950 when Truman took the seriousness of the conflict and began to form part of these meetings. The General Agree ment on Tariffs and Trade (October 30, 1947) set the basic rules under which open a nondiscriminatory free deal policy in which it can take place. This treaty meant to reduce duty barriers among the 23 countries signatory nations. The GATT sought to create an institutional framework within which international trade could be conducted as stable and foreseeable as possible.The Charter of the Organization of American States (April 30, 1948) was signed by 21 nations (this are the same nations that signed the Rio treaty only for the Bahamas delegation) of the western hemisphere at the closedown of the ninth Pan-American concourse in Bogota, Colombia which reconstituted the Pan-American colligation to the Organization of American States in which they reaffirmed its fealty as when they signed the Rio treaty to reach out an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to chant their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence. The Truman judicature hoped that the Organization would typefaceually assume the mounting responsibilities for figure out hemispheric problems, but the U. S. would always mold the dominant role. The provisional system of the state of Israel proclaims the new state of Israel (May 14, 1948). On that same date the United States, president Truman acknowledges and recognized the provisional Jewish government as de facto authority of the new Jewish state (de jure recognition was extended on January 31). The U. S. delegates to the U. N. and apex ranking State division officials were furious thatTruman released his recognition assertion to the promote without notifying them first. The Berlin bring up (June 27, 1948-May 12, 1949) was the greatest humanitarian and aviation event in history. Since the consort had never carry ond a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors rich within the Soviet-occupied geographical zone. The commander of the American personal line of credit zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, proposed move a large armored towboat driving peacefully, as a chaste right, down the autobahn across the Soviet zone to West Berlin, with instructions to defend itself if it were stop or attacked.Truman, however, following the consensus in capital letter, believed this would think an unacceptable risk of war. He O.K. a plan to supply the barricaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the Berlin Airlift, a campaign that delivered food and other supplies, such as sear, using armed forces airplanes on a massive ordered series. secret code remotely like it had ever been essay before, and no other nation had the cap force, both logistically or materially, to have accomplished it. The abstract worked ground access was again grant on May 11, 1949. The airlift act for several months after that.The Berlin Airlift was one of Trumans great foreign policy successes as president it significantly aided his resource ca mpaign in 1948. The Genocide Treaty it was signed December 12, 1948 it went in force in 1951 but the U. S. ratification came November 23, 1988. Although it took quaternion decades to ratify the treaty, this international agreement make genocide an international crime during both war and peace. The northeast Atlantic Treaty (4 April 1949), which assured military assistance, resolved the frugalal and political near-chaos of Europe after human race War II.These measures would, he believed, preserve republic in Western Europe and thereby uphold preserve the freedom of the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) comprised the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Britain, Canada, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, West Germany in 1955, and Spain in 1982. The circumstance in the Pacific was not more bust than that in Europe. In the Potsdam Conference in Germany and in the Cairo Conference, i t was agree that Korea would become a free and free-lance nation once the war is over.However, after V-J Day, the Soviet government was quick to establish a Communist regime. The United States under the Truman administration helped Korea setup a elective government on the Southern fracture of the peninsula. North Koreans crossed the border in full force (June 25, 1950). The UN, presented with its first hearty conflict, acted quickly, partly because the Soviet representative had walked out a few days earlier in protest of Communist Chinas overleap of representation (it was represented by nationalistic China). War was annunciated on the aggressors by the United Nations.Although all nations contributed, it was mostly the United States fighting the war. The war lasted for about trine years until an armistice was signed divide Korea again along the 38th parallel. Macarthur stated to President Truman that the Chinese wouldnt gain the war and this conflict would be over by Christ mas. That was the most erroneous statement that Gen. Macarthur said to president Truman because since Gen. Macarthur was anxious to introduce up the war he legitimate American and other U. N. troops to press on to the Yalu River and since the communistic Chinese didnt want that buffer zone gone(a) they enter in force.In doing this, he ignored the warnings of the Communist Chinese as easily as a guiding by military planners in Washington to send only South Korean troops into the provinces bordering China. Macarthur never thought that the Communist Chinese were going to invade North Korea, but since it happen he cute authorization for a full scale invasion of China and bring the Chinese Nationalist to fight in Korea and in weak positions of Communist mainland China, but since Truman didnt wanted WWIII it refused Macarthur plan.Macarthur frustrated started to say its plans in public without Washingtons authorization and for natural lawlessness Truman fired Macarthur on the grou nds that Macarthur wasnt the Commander in knob. Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to despatch Truman at Blair House (November 1, 1950). This put and important question mark the descent amongst the United States and Puerto Rico and since Truman understood that, he departed a plebiscite in Puerto Rico to chequer its future relationship with the United States.As for the Torresola, he was shot a White House policeman, Leslie Coffelt, before expiring himself and Collazo as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into homicide was flagitious of murder and sentence to death in 1952, but Truman changed it to life in prison. This attack could well be implemented since the shootout was over a dozen feet of his contend and since he was curious went to the window to see until a passerby shout to Truman to take cover. The Tripartite Security Treaty (Anzus Treaty) was signed September 1. 951 and came in force April 29, 1952. This Treaty, signed a f ew years after WWII, it was designed to send a planetary house to Communist China and the Soviet alliance that Western-oriented countries were obdurate to stop new combative moves in the Pacific. The U. S. -Japanese Security Treaty (San Francisco Treaty) was signed September 8, 1951 by 49 nations and came in force April 28, 1952 in which the United States concur to assume primary responsibility for the conventional defense of a disarmed Japan and an max role in providing nuclear deterrence.Japan would have renounce the ability to harbor war and its military would be for peacekeeping operation forces and ensured the formal return of independence at the expense of large military bearing in the country and in any case ensured that any attack against Japan, the United States makes responsible of any protection and retaliation in the pay heed of the Japanese Diet. The in-migration and Nationality chip (McCarran-Walter proceeding) (June 27, 1952) upheld the national origins q uota system established by the in-migration modus operandi of 1924, reinforcing this controversial system of immigrant selection.It as well as ended Asian exclusion from immigrating to the United States and introduced a system of preferences based on skill sets and family reunification. Plus this make out grow the United States definition to Guam, Commonwealth of Yankee Mariana Islands in addition to Puerto Rico and U. S. saturated Islands which is used currently. At the basis of the strike was the continuation and codification of the National Origins Quota System. It revise the 1924 system to go forth for national quotas at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationalitys population in the United States in 1920.As a result, 85 percent of the 154,277 visas available yearly were allotted to individuals of northern and western European lineage. The numeral continued the practice of not including countries in the Western Hemisphere in the quota system, though it did in troduce new continuance of residency requirements to qualify for quota-free entry. There were other positive changes to the implementation of immigration policy in the 1952 actuate. One was the creation of a system of preferences which served to help American consuls afield prioritize visa applicants in countries with intemperately oversubscribed quotas.Under the preference system, individuals with particular(prenominal) skills or families already resident in the United States received precedence, a policy still in use today. Moreover, the be gave non-quota status to alien husbands of American citizens (wives had been get into outside of the quota system for several years by 1952) and created a labor support system, designed to prevent new immigrants from beseeming unwanted competition for American laborers. Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter conduct because he regarded the bill as disloyal and discriminatory.Trumans veto was overridden by a vote of 278 to113 in the House, and 57 to 26 in the Senate. Parts of the McCarran-Walter Act bide in place today, but much of it was razeed by the Immigration and Nationality operate Act of 1965. These reversals in foreign policy, from isolation to world power, established Trumans reputation as one of the nations greatest presidents. Which helped placed an economic foundation to struggling nations of Western Europe and Northeast Asia. Trumans domestic policies as president took far less of his time, and proved far less successful, than his foreign policies.Here also he dealt with three major issues The administration of the modern American presidency, a legislative program known as the median(a) Deal, and Republican accusations of inseparable subversion and corruption. He managed well with two of these domestic matters. The decision maker revisal 9599 (August 18, 1945) Provides assistance to expand intersection and continued stabilization of the national rescue during the transition from war to peace, an d for the orderly adaptation of wartime controls over prices, wages, materials, and facilities.The executive decree 9635 (September 29, 1945) Organizes the naval forces Department, defines what is the Naval Establishment as well it defines the duties of the Chief Naval Operations and declare that the Marine Corps and the Coast fend for are part of the Naval Establishment. The administrator Order 9646 (October 25, 1945) Rearranges the Coat of Arms, Seal and gladiola of the President of The United States to accommodate the newest merged states into the Union. The War Brides Act (December 28, 1945) relaxes the immigration regulations to allow foreign born spouses and children of U.S. military force play to settle in the United States. The study Act (Murray Act) (February 20, 1946) stimulates the economy following WWII, creating agencies in Congress and in the executive sort out to focus on the problems of the depression and inflation. The executive Order 9728 (May 21, 1946) Tr uman seized most of the nations bituminous coal mines so that the secretary of the interior could negotiate a contract with mineworkers. As authority, EO 9728 had cited, among other things, the War Labor Disputes Act. The Hobbs Acts (Anti-Racketeering Act) (July 3, 1946).This made it abominable to interfere with interstate commerce by robbery or extortion and reined labor unions ability to enforce the interests of their constituents within the boundaries of the law. The Federal tort Claims Act (August 2, 1946) enabled private citizens to sue the government when a federal employee harms a trine party or private topographic point by committing an international tort or by negligence. The irresponsible appeal later barred military personnel from suing the federal government for injuries suffered while performing their jobs.The Taft-Hartley Act (June 23, 1947), was designed to amend much of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (the Wagner Act) and stop parts of the Federal Ant i-Injunction Act of 1932. It desex the power of unions from contributing to political campaigns, It forbids territorial smooths and secondary boycotts, It permits union shops only after a majority of the employees vote for them, It declares all closed shops illegal and the president is allow to appoint a board of question to investigate unions when he believes a strike would endanger the health and safety, and obtain an 80-day command to stop the strike.Even president Truman was against this and vetoes it but it was overridden. The Presidential Succession Act (July 18, 1947) turn the weaknesses in the line of presidential episode as outlined in the original Constitution. The Water Pollution Control Act (June 30, 1948) extended the reach of the federal government by establishing cooperative arrangements with states for grants, research, and technical assistance. This Act addressed the nations water-quality problems by attempting to establish a cooperative relationship between the federal and state governments.This legislative piece since it was far ahead of its time, he decided to turn this legislation into an decision maker Order at the same time running the risk of macrocosm overturn by another Executive Order but it worked, it is Executive Order 9981 (July 26, 1948) that provided integrating of the armed forces and establishes equal treatment and probability in the armed services. The Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act (April19, 1950) attempted to improve conditions in one of the most impoverished areas of the United States this Act funded the construction of roads, schools, and other developments on the Navajo and Hopi reservations.The inner Security Act (McCarran Act) (September 23, 1950) established the seditious Activities Control Board, aimed at stopping communist subversion in the United States, affair for the registration of all known communist organizations and individuals in the United States. The Celler-Kefauver Act (December, 29 1950) pr ohibited certain types of mergers between firms in the same industry, the Celler-Kefauver Act led companies to form conglomerates made up of companies in misrelated industries.The Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 amended the Clayton Act by closing a loophole that allowed companies to avoid antitrust suits by acquiring assets (rather than stock) of another company. The twenty-second Amendment was ratified February 27, 1951 and it was certified in disc breaking time of March 1, 1951. short after Franklin Roosevelts unprecedented after part term as president, the twenty-second Amendment was pick out to established presidential limits to two (2) terms.The Executive Order 10340 (April 8 1952) Truman directed Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize the mill around to ensure their production to support the war efforts just hours before a schedule strike. Since the Taft-Hartley Act passed in Congress the Supreme Court goes in emergency session in the case of Youngstown pall & furn ish Co. v. Sawyer (Secretary of Commerce) in a 6 to 3 decision on Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer declared the capture unconstitutional. The Court held that Truman could have used the Taft-Hartley Act to delay the strike, but Truman disliked the law too much to use it.In Supreme Court appointments, Truman wasnt buttoned-down choosing the Supreme Court rightnesss because significantly all four were friends of the dear president and all four were more political solid ground rather than judicial. nicety Harold Burton in 1945, Chief Justice Fred Vinson in 1946, and Justices Sherman Minton and Tom Clark in 1949 generally shared his views regarding the judiciary. Burton and Minton had served with Truman in the Senate Vinson and Clark had served in Trumans Cabinet (the former as treasury Secretary and the latter as lawyer General).Vinson, Trumans choice as Chief Justice, was a favorite poker-playing companion of the President, who hoped that his friends political skills woul d help restore harmony to what had become an progressively contentious and divided Court. But the Vinson Court continued to be plagued by internal conflicts. Justice Hugo Blacks commitment to judicial activism in defense of civil liberties and the Bill of Rights clashed with Justice Felix Frankfurters belief in judicial chasteness and deference to legislative authority.Philosophical differences were modify by personal animosities on the Court, most notably between Black and Justice Robert H. Jackson. Much to a surprise the American people thought that president Truman was an outsider and it was, he knew nothing about the atomic bomb (was investigating large expenditures in Oak Valley, Tennessee but didnt knew for what figure it was) and he ordered the release of the weapons in Japan, send troops to the Korea conflict although it resulted in a stalemate.Recognized two countries (Pakistan and Israel) and helped another country to became independent (Philippines), Signed the UN ch arter, legitimate the Berlin Airlift, its a founding of the OAS, clear a plebiscite to the people of Puerto Rico to determined the future of relations with the U. S. saved Greece and Turkey from Communist rule. Although he could do better in domestic policy, but from being only 82 days as Vice-president knowing nothing about policy and saving the world from catastrophe, that is an exceptional President if you ask me, he is truly the Prince of external Policy.Works Cited S. Avi-Yonah, Reuven. U. S Laws, Acts, and Treaties. library Edition. Vol. 2. Pasadena, calcium Salem Press, 2003. Print. United States. National memoir and Records Administration. Proclamation 2695-Independence of the Philippines. 4 July 1946. 10 April 2009. . United States. Department of State. Kennan and Containment, 1947. September 1997. 9 April 2009. . United States. Department of State. National Security Act of 1947. September 1997. 8 April 2009. http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603. htm.United St ates. Department of State. Background Notes United Nations. September 1997. 4 April 2009. http//www. state. gov/www/background_notes/united_nations_0997_bgn. html. United States. Department of State. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act). September 1997. 9 April 2009. http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/87719. htm. United States. The White House, Executive Office of the President. National Security Council History. 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. http//www. whitehouse. ov/administration/eop/nsc/history/. The annoy S. Truman subroutine library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9599, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. http//www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=368&st=&st1. The rile S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9635, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. http//www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=350&st=9635&st1. The molest S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9646 , 3 C. F. R. 3 (1945). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The Harry S.Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No. 9728, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1946). 2 April 2009. 9April 2009. http//www. trumanlibrary. org/executiveorders/index. php? pid=459&st=9728&st1. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No . 9981, 3 C. F. R. 3 (1948). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Exec. Order No . 10340, 3 C. F. R. 3(1952). 2 April 2009. 9 April 2009. The University of Texas Digital Library Services Division. The Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. 1 April 2009. 7 April 2009.